UB 250 
. U33 


no. 


1844 
Copy 1 



10 
46 


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wrsrjr?:..- 




OFFICE OF STRATEGIC 


a. 6 :;. 




4* 

Research and Analysis Branch 


FT MEADE 
GenCol1 


R and A No, 1844 




yiJhaiA., Ol^-CO. of 





CONCENTRATION CATNIPS IN GERMANY 


Description 

A factual description of concentration camps located 
within the 1937 boundaries of Germany: their administra¬ 
tion and discipline; classification of prisoners, official 
and unofficial; the routine of camp life; activities and 
attitudes of inmates. 






3 October 1944 











i 


This document contains information affecting 
the national defense of the United States within 
the meaning of the Espionage Act, 50 USC 31 and. 
32, as amended. Its transmission or the revela¬ 
tion of its contents in any manner to an un¬ 
authorized person is prohibited by law. 



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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page 


Summary. iii 


I, Legal Basis for Detention ... 1 


II. Purpose and Administration of the Concentration 

Camps ... 3 

A. Administrative Officers 4 

B. Guards . 5 

C. Prisoner Officials ..*. 6 

D. Political Policy of the Administration •••• 7 


III. Punishment in the Camps .. 9 


IV, Prisoner Groups and Camp Life .. 12 

A. Vertical Prisoner Groups ... 12 

1. Political Prisoners: Red Triangle ..••• 12 

2. Criminals: Green Triangle .. 13 

3. Asocials or "Work-shy" Prisoners: Black 

Triangle ... 13 

4. Jehovah's Witnesses: Violet Triangle •• 14 

5. Homosexuals: Pink Triangle . 15 

6. Emigrants: Blue Triangle . 15 

7• "Race Polluters": Black Triangular Frame 16 

8. New Categories since 1939 *. 16 

9# Other Insignia . ,....*♦ ... 16 

B. Horizontal Prisoner Groups .... 18 

1. Jews . 18 

2. Nationalities . 18 

3. Newcomers and Old-timers .. 18 

4. Honor Prisoners... 19 

5. Punishment Company . 19 

C. Camp Routine and Food .. 19 

1. Schedule . 19 

2 • Work ... 20 

3. Food . 20 

4« Medical Care . 20 

5. Deaths and Suicides . 21 

D. Activities and Attitude of the Prisoners •• 21 

1. The Prisoners' Code . 22 

2. Cultural and Political Life of the 

Prisoners . 22 

3* Religious Activities . 23 

4* Treatment of Personal Property .. 23 

5. Attitude toward Escape . 24 

6. Possibilities of Resistance .. 25 


Appendix: Concentration Camps Located within Germany 26 

Map: Germany — Concentration Camps 


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Summary 

Concentration camps are among the fundamental 
institutions of the Nazi regime. They serve to detain or 
eliminate, without indictment or trial, and without 
possibility of appeal, any person within the reach of the 
Nazi machinery inside or outside Germany, By virtue of 
this constant threat to the life of every citizen, regard¬ 
less of his real guilt or responsibility, the concentration 
camps exercise terroristic influence far beyond their 
physical boundaries. 

The actual number of interned persons provides no 
clue to the numerical strength of the anti-Nazi opposition 
in Germany; apart from the relatively small stratum of the 
known opposition leaders and activists, it is more or less 
a matter of chance who among the opposition may be put into 
a camp. Chief among the inmates were always great numbers 
of lews, for it was against this group of citizens that the 
Nazis first directed their terror; recent reports, however, 
indicate that few lews remain in the German concentration 
camps, having for the most part been either executed or sent 
to Polish camps. 

The German concentration camps with which this study 
is concerned are prison camps for political and criminal 
prisoners under the authority of the Gestapo and the S3, 
located within the 1937 boundaries of Germany. They are 
distinguished from prisons, Strafgefangenenlager (under the 
authority of the Ministry of Justice) and prisoner of war 
camps (under the authority of the Army). 

The camps were first established after the Presidential 
Emergency Decree of 28 February 1933 had suspended the basic 
civil rights of the German people and eliminated the safeguards 
against arbitrary imprisonment. Those who were arrested under 


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this, and subsequent Reich and state laws, were interned in 
the type of compounds known as "concentration camps," Besides 
serving as places of internment, the camps also serve as 
training grounds for the SS personnel and as a source for 
slave labor. 

The administrative structure of the camps is geared 
to the administrative structure of the SS itself. The 
officials, however, recruit trustworthy prisoners for 
various subordinate posts, mostly concerned with organiza¬ 
tion of the barracks life, the supervision of the inmates, 
and the direction of their work. The appointment of prisoner 
officials, moreover, is used as an instrument of control 
over the prisoners T lives, for the Nazis create among the 
inmates of the camps a distinct stratification by giving one 
group of prisoners temporary power and control over the 
others. This method, which is illustrated by the alternating 
rule of political prisoners and criminals in the camps, has 
been developed by the Nazis to ensure lack of unity among 
the inmates. 

While punishment in the concentration camps is 
supposedly governed by an official order issued by the SS 
official in charge of the entire system, the individual SS- 
man has almost unrestricted latitude in this regard. The 
punishments may take the form of restrictions, torture, or 
death. Especially in the case of Jewish prisoners, the 
punishment may take the form of "revenge," for the Nazis 
consider Jewish prisoners as hostages for the acts of Jews 
outside Germany. 

Prisoners are committed to concentration camps under 
a variety of charges. According to the nature of these 
charges, the prisoner wears a special triangular emblem upon 
his costume. The major groupings are: political prisoners; 


iv 


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criminals; asocials; Jehovah’s Witnesses; homosexuals; 
emigrants; ’’race polluters,” Norwegians, Poles, German 
army deserters, black marketeers, second-termers, the insane, 
blind, and deaf also wear distinctive insignia. 

These prisoners comprise ’’vertical groups” within 
the society of the prison camps and carry social and political 
implications important to the social life of the internees. 

The political prisoners form the most significant class, 
enjoying a somewhat cohesive social existence. The criminals 
also have a special standing within the prison community, 
but this is due more to their use by the administration than 
because of any internal factors. The asocials are a large, 
somewhat amorphous group, whose crimes are often ill-defined 
and whose group life is on a low level. 

Cutting across these so-called vertical groupings 
are other groups based upon factors of race, nationality, 
length of servitude, etc. With the exception of the lews, 
none of these unofficial ’’horizontal” groupings is distinguished 
by any special badge, 

y * 

Life within the camps, aside from the limited cultural 
activities which the men might attempt to pursue, is thoroughly 
regimented. A thirteen-hour work day is devoted to heavy 
labor including considerable war work. The food and medical 

care are sub-standard. Deaths and suicides are common, and 

v 

in some cases suicides have actually been encouraged. 

The prisoners have developed their own code and rules 
of conduct. Most important is the co-operative group life 
of the men, who form small self-help units designed to 
provide means for education and social intercourse, to augment 
the food supply, etc. The political prisoners, as repre¬ 
sentatives of the most cohesive and active element, are leaders 
in organizing such units. There is also some secret religious 


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activity. The prisoners' code regards escape as an anti¬ 
social act, because an entire camp is punished for the acts 
of an individual. If, however, the escapee is considered 
of real importance to the underground,the prisoners are in 
some cases willing to make an exception in their judgment. 

On the other hand, the prisoners practice as much secret 
sabotage as possible. They have purposely constructed 
flimsy camp structures, buried tools, and slowed down work. 

Lately, the Nazis have apparently taken an increasing 
number of people out of the camps and sent them as special 
formations to the front. Furthermore, the manpower shortage 
may have compelled the Nazis to use more inmates for war 
work, either in the camps or in nearby plants. It would be 
incorrect to infer, however, that this has depleted the 
concentration camps to any great extent or improved the lot 
of the interned. Numerous reports state that, with the 
rapidly deteriorating military situation, the Nazis are rounding 
up more leaders and members of the potential opposition. 

The herding together of large numbers of anti-Nazis 
in isolated and well-guarded camps would enable the Nazis 
to use the prisoners as political hostages in the hour of 
final defeat, for their physical extermination could be 
accomplished in a matter of minutes. 

The appendix discusses only concentration camps within 
the 1937 boundaries of Germany and lists all camps known to 
have been in operation at any time between 30 January 1933 
and 30 March 1944. An effort was also made to compile reference 
to camps of unknown location. A map showing the known camps 
is appended. 


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CONCENTRATION CHUMPS IN GERMANY 

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♦ 

I. LEGAL BASIS FOR DETENTION ■''un.. • 

Concentration camps were first established in Germany 

after the promulgation of the Presidential Emergency Decree 

of 28 February 1933. This decree, "in the interest of state 

security,” suspended the basic civil rights of the German 

* ' 

people for an indeterminate period and thereby eliminated the 
legal safeguards against arbitrary imprisonment. Though 
'specifically directed against Communists, this decree was 
eventually interpreted by the courts as applying to all 
"enemies of the state" whose detention was considered necessary 
for state security. An explicit legal basis for the camps 
was introduced in the rules governing protective custody 
( Schutzhaft ) laid down in a circular of the Reic,h Ministry 
of Interior, 12 April 1934. 

From the beginning of the Third Reich, it became the 
general practice to place two groups of prisoners in concen¬ 
tration camps. The first group included persons who were 

• , ’ * • i 

considered to be either enemies of the state or otherwise 

undesirable but v/ho could not be convicted of any crime. 

The second group consisted of persons who had been convicted 

of crimes and had served their legal sentences but who were 

still considered too dangerous to be released. 

Other types of persons were also placed in prison 

camps. Under the. Criminal Code, Section 42e (law of 24 

November 1933), courts were empowered to sentence habitual 

criminals, who had committed new crimes, to indefinite 

terms in prison camps ( Strafgefangenenlager ). Furthermore, 

by the decrees of the Prussian Prime Minister of 13 November 

1933 (II C. II 31 No. -336/33) and of 10 February 1934 

(II C. II 32 No. 27/34) dangerous habitual criminals', who 

had not necessarily committed new crimes, could be taken into 

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preventive policy custody (Vorbeugende Polizeihaft); this action 

• • ' ■ 1 " ■ ■ t' 

amounted practically to protective custody. The prison 
camps to which such persons are sent should be distinguished 
from the better-known concentration camp and attention will 

% *4. . * ' * 

be directed to this latter type. 

i * . » 

Persons arrested and sent to concentration camps come 

* 

under the authority of the Gestapo. Release from the camps 

* i 

is at the discretion of the Gestapo, and the courts have 
decided that Gestapo prisoners have no legal access to regular 
courts. Paragraph 7 of the Prussian lav/ of 10 February 1936, 
moreover, denied such prisoners access to the administrative 
courts. 

In some cases, criminals have been transferred to 

. * V * • 

concentration camps because the regular prisons were over- 
crowded. The Ministry of Justice maintains jurisdiction over 
the transferred prisoners until the completion of their terms, 
after which they may be detained under the jurisdiction of 
the Gestapo. 

Most prisoners in the concentration camps fall into 
the first group noted above; they are persons considered 
to be enemies of the state or otherwise undesirable in the 
eyes of the regime. 

The German Government does not publish any official 

data on the activities of the Gestapo or on the number and 

location of concentration camps, nor is official material 

available from any other government during the period 

1933-1939. Consequently, in the preparation of this study 

the only sources for this period are reports of the several 

German political parties in exile, together with information 

gathered from former prisoners in the various camps. After 

* * ' 

1939, reports on these camps were issued by a number of 
governments-in-exile, and when considered reliable these reports 
have also been used. 

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II. PURPOSE AND ADMINISTRATION OF THE CONCENTRATION CAMPS 

In addition to the primary function of imprisoning 
enemies of the state and certain others, concentration camps 
also serve to train SS men in brutality, in methods of • • ■ 
breaking civilian resistance, and in experiments for rendering 
opposition elements harmless. Until 1940 every member of., 

SS Deathhead Units (SS T'otenkopf Standarten ) spent at least 

% k 

three months of his training as a guard or officer in a 
concentration camp.^ 

The very existence of the camps serves to intimidate 
and reduce opposition among the population at large and thereby 
acts as a deterrent to opposition to the Nazi regime. 

This function is achieved by indirect methods. For example, 
released prisoners are required to sign a statement that their 
imprisonment was voluntary, that they have been well treated 
and that no brutalities have been committed by the camp 
authorities against them or anybody else to the best of their 
knowledge. Each prisoner is examined before he is allowed 
to leave, the camp, and no one is permitted to leave if his 
body shows any sign of torture. The released prisoners are 
required to report to the Gestapo offices regularly (in 
some cases twice a day), and are forbidden to speak to any- . 
body about their experiences on pain of. re-incarceration. 

The inhabitants of the concentration camps provide 

a source of slave labor. The camps and all the-surrounding 

buildings, installations, and roads have been built by the' 

prisoners. Prisoners have : also been used to drain marshes, 

etc. Many of the camps contain state factories where a 

great variety of goods is manufactured. 

¥ 

No information is available on the administration of 

concentration camps before 1936. Probably the local Gestapo 

T,] Bruno Bettelheim: "Individual and Mass Behavior in 
Extreme Situations” Journal of Abnormal and Social 
Psychology , Vol. 3$ No. 4* > Oct. 1943, p. 417* 

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officials were in charge of the camps. The Prussian law ' 
and decree of 10 February 1936 placed concentration camps 
under the authority of the Gestapo, a provision which was 

later informally extended to the whole Reich. 

»» ; 

After 1936 SS Obergruppenfuhrer Theodor Eicke was 
put in charge of all German concentration camps and was 
given the title. Leader (Commander or Inspector) of SS 
Deathhead Regiments and Concentration Camps /Fuhrer 
( Kommandant Oder Inspector ) der SS Totenkopf Standarten und 
der Konzentrationslagery * 1 2 3 4 5 Eicke was responsible only to 
Reichsfiihrer SS Himmler. Since 1937 Eicke and his staff 
have had their headquarters outside the Sachsenhausen 

o 

concentration camp near Berlin. Even after the incorpora¬ 
tion of the SS Totenkopf Standarten in the Waffen SS as 
SS Panzer Grenadier Division Totenkopf ', this staff remained 
officially in charge of the concentration camps. ^ Eicke 
was reported to have died on 26 February 1943, but there 
has been no official confirmation of his death or information 
on his successor,4 It is possible that either SS Obergrupnon- 
flihrer August Heissmeyer, the Inspector General of all German 
boarding and party schools, or SS Obergruppenfuhrer Erger 
was put in charge of the camps.^ 

A. Administrative Officers 

Every camp has a Camp Commander who is responsible 
only to the Leader-Inspector. The Camp Commander has a dual 

1. R & A #90. Public Order , Police and Elite Guard, 13 
November 1942, p. 60. 

2. Danziger Vorposten , 26 January 1939; also interrogation 
of two former prisoners of Sachsenhausen who worked on 
this building. 

3. R &■ A #90, Public . Order , Police and Elite Guard, 13 
November 1942, p. 7P. 

4. New York Times, 4 March 1943. 

5. CID W7292. 

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role, for he is in charge.of the SS camp and at the same 
time is supervisor and supreme commander of the concentra- 

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tion camp, 

/ • 

Usually the Camp Commander holds at least the rank 

of Sturmbannfuhrer and has under him the Commander of the 

- • «. 

Protective Custody Camp ( Kommandant des Schutzhaftlagers )• 

* tt 

This official holds at least the rank of a Hauntsturmfuhrer . 
and has more to do with the daily life of the. prisoners than 
his superior. The Camp Commander appoints his staff, 
consisting of thirty to forty noncommissioned officers 

•t . • 

( •Rottenfuhrer and above) and a few commissioned officers 

( Untersturmfuhrer and above) as chiefs of the hospital, 

kitchen, post office, bureau of construction, etc. Most of 

♦ 

the noncommissioned officers are in charge of one or more 

i * 

barracks ( Blocks ), with the title Barrack Leader ( Block - 
fuhrer).. Many of the Barrack Leaders are "old fighters" 

✓ 

of some years’ standing in the' SS or the party; consequently, 
they are older men than the guards. The Barrack Leaders 
are in frequent contact with the prisoners since they usually 
inspect the barracks twice a day, 

B• Guards 

Until 1940, every member* o.f the SS Deathhead Units was 
required to perform guard duty for at least three months. 
Since 1940 guard duty has been performed more and more by 

• i 

men from the Allgemeine SS who have been made reservists 
of the Deathhead Units, and some reports state that SA men 
and disabled soldiers function as camp guards, 1 2 The number 
of guards in each camp is between 250 and 300. Their duties 
require them to man the machine gun towers, to perform sentry 

1, The larger concentration camps, like Sachsenhausep, 
Dachau, or Buchenwald, are parts of big SS camps, 

2. CID #37292, 19 May 1943. 


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duty, to guard prisoners working outside the camp, and to 
be on the alert for any emergency, 

C. Prisoner Officials 

The Commander of the camp appoints trustworthy- 

prisoners as prisoner officials. The highest prisoner 
► 

official is the Camp Senior ( Lageraltester ), He controls 
all the other prisoner officials and exercises as much power 
as a Blockfuhrer , Important, too, is the Chief Foreman 
(Obercapo) who is responsible to the Chief of the Construc¬ 
tion-Bureau ( Baufuhrer ) for the work done in the camp. 

Next in rank is the Chief Clerk ( Lagerschreiber ) who in 
most camps has his own office. Appointments are also made 
to lower posts such as foremen ( Capos )* minor clerks for 
the administrative offices, and helpers in the hospital 
and in the supply room, etc. All these prisoner officials 
are appointed by the Commander or the commissioned offleers. 
Sometimes the camp officials use prisoners for their own 
purposes such as cleaning quarters, shining shoes, etc,, 
or they may select a prisoner to serve as a personal 
orderly (Kalfaktor), 

The Blockfuhrer also appoints prisoner officials to 

• • . 0 

help him run the barracks: 

% 

Barrack Senior ( Blockaltester ) who commands the barracks 
and is a substitute of the Blockfuhrer ; 

Barrack Clerk ( Blockschreiber ) who keeps a roster of 

r . . , 

the prisoners and handles the mail; 

i . • 

Foreman ( Capo ) who is responsible for the efficiency 
and speed of the prisoners T work; 

Room Senior ( Stubenaltester ) who is responsible for 
the.cleaning and order of the room and the inventory; 

Canteen Man ( Einkaufer ) who handles the purchase of 

* 

toilet articles and food for the prisoners at the canteen; 


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. Barber ( Friseur ) who shaves the prisoners twice a 
week and cuts their hair every second week. 

The Barracks Seniors and Room Seniors have the privilege 
of appointing barracks orderlies ( Stubendlendt ). These are 
the only prisoner officials appointed by fellow prisoners. 

The administration also employs a group of secret 
prisoner officials, called Kontrollore , whose purpose is to 
report on the conversation of prisoners and to watch for any 
who do not work. This informant’s role is one which is 
both hated and feared by the prisoners. 

Prisoner officials may report to the SS an infraction 

i 

of the rules by a fellow prisoner, but they are not allowed 

• ! . , * 

officially to mete out any punishment. Actually, however, , 
they have been known to beat prisoners in front of the SS, 
and often prisoners have been killed by prisoner officials 
under these circumstances. 

An inmate, in order to b'acome a prisoner official, 
must have been in the camp a long time and must have a good 
record. On an average there are about three prisoner officials 
to every hundred internees. 

Until 1938 Jews w r ere seldom used as prisoner officials. 

Later they were put in charge of Jewish barracks and working 

groups in order to isolate the Jews even more from the other 

prisoners. The Belgian Information Center, New York, reported 

that in a concentration camp at Breendonck, Belgium, German 

Jewish internees have served as prisoner officials. 

D. Political Policy of the Administration 

•It is the policy of the SS Administration .to play one 

group of prisoners against another in order to prevent any 

common action by the internees. This goal is most commonly 

achieved by alternating the appointment of the prisoner 

officials between the two most important groups of prisoners. 

* 

The political prisoners will be put in charge of the camp 


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while the spying functions of the Kontrollore are assigned 
to criminals. After a certain time has elapsed, this 
division of functions is reversed; the criminals assume 
control of the prisoner officialdom and the politicals become 
the Kontrollore . 

When the camp is run by the criminals,,corruption 
usually prevails.^ The SS administration thus faces a 
dilemma: the political prisoners are the most honest 

•and, reliable and successfully; root out the corruption en¬ 
gendered by the criminals; at the same time, they comprise 
the most politically conscious, best organized group within 
the camps. 

For obvious reasons the political prisoners seek to 
have their best men appointed, to the prisoner posts. They 
also endeavor to place men in the clerk’s office where they 
may be able to secure information on releases and other matters. 
While the political prisoners are in .power the criminal 
Kontrollore report every move of the politicals to the SS, 

By thus playing off these prisoner groups against each 
other, the SS administration is assured of being successful 
in its application of a ’’divide and conquer” policy. 


1. In 1938 the criminals were in power in Buchenwald. 

During this period a large amount of food was smuggled 
in by SS men and distributed to well-to-do prisoners by 
the criminal prisoner officials. This racket was broken 
by the political prisoners and ended with the imprisonment 
of some SS men and the punishment of the criminal prisoners. 
After this incident, the political prisoners took over 
and kept their offices until the middle of 1939 when the 
SS administration decided that they were becoming too 
powerful• 


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III. PUNISHMENT IN THE CAMPS 
In June 1935 an order prescribing discipline and punish¬ 
ment for use in concentration camps was issued by SS 
Obergruppenfuhrer Theodor Eicke, This order, called 
Disziplinar und Strafvollzug fur das Gefangenenlager , 
was drawn up originally for Camp Esterwegen, but later was 
used as a pattern for other camps.- 1 - This document is 
important in revealing the official attitude of camp 

r 

$ 

authorities toward prisoners, but its application is limited 
by the fact that every SS-man is at once judge and executioner 
who can punish the prisoners at any time. SS men have given 
prisoners impossible orders and then have slain the prisoners 
when the orders were not carried out. SS men have shot 
prisoners on the spot without previous warning or questioning. 
In short, the official camp orders or penal regulations have 

» •• i 

no binding effect upon the guards and officials. The prisoners 
have no rights, no protection, and are subject to the . 
arbitrary power of the SS administration. 

The introduction to the Disziplinar reveals the 
severity and wilfulness which characterize the manner in 

which punishment is inflicted. It reads in part: "Tolerance 

* » N ■' 

means weakness. In recognition thereof, ruthlessness will 
be exercised when the interests of the Fatherland are.at 
stake. The penal regulation will not affect the misguided 
but corrigible inmates, As for political agitators and 
intellectual demagogues, regardless of their persuasion, 
let this serve as a warning to them — that if they are 
ever caught they will be grabbed by their throats and will 
be silenced after their own communistic methods." 

1. Der Strafvollzug im 3.' Reich published by Union fuer 
Recht und Freiheit, Prag, 1936, p. 20, 

This document was smuggled out of Germany in 
... 1935 and- published for the first time in the Manchester 
* Guardian, and Inter in a number of books and pamphlets. 

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Punishment in the camps may he inflicted upon the 
prisoners, individually or in groups. Individual punish¬ 
ment may originate with a report either by an SS man or 
a prisoner official to the camp administration. Frequently 
an SS man will himself administer the punishment without 

t. 

reporting, the prisoner's offense (a situation preferred by 

the prisoners), or the individual may be both punished 

and reported. For minor infractions a prisoner may be 

forced to stand at attention for a long period of time. This 

form of punishment may be imposed for at least a week, the 

prisoner reporting daily to the administration building 

for his stint. Minor infractions are also punished by 

withholding of mail or food, or by punishment drill. For 

major violations a prisoner may be hanged by his wrists 
♦ 

from a tree for a period of from one to eight hours. Other 
major chastisements include flogging — 25 to 100 lashes — 
solitary confinement, or transfer'to the punishment company* 

A prisoner may be punished by one or several of these methods 
The death penalty is meted out for sabotage, attacks 
upon the SS personnel, disobedience to orders, refusal to. 
work, etc. 

The ordinary prisoner more often receives collective 
punishments rather than individual punishment. This second 
type of penalty is imposed upon all prisoners if, for 
example, an escape is attempted or if the work performance 
is judged insufficient. In such cases, all the men will be 

4 

subjected to one or more of the following punishments 
en masse : standing at attention; punishment drill; pay¬ 
ment of fines; lengthening of working hours; deprivation • - 

of food, tobacco and mail; denial of medical care. 

« • 

Collective punishment is frequently meted out as 
"revenge" and is most often imposed upon the Jewish prisoners 


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Occasionally, other prisoner groups and sometimes the whole 

* ' * ^ • . X. 

• camp- are subjected to this kind of treatment-. The camp 
administrations naturally follows the Nazi Party, line in 

’ :1V’ 

holding Jewish prisoners responsible for allegedly hostile 
acts committed by Jews anywhere, but it also considers the 
prisoners of other categories as hostages for all other 
members of their category outside the camp, anywhere in the 
world. 1 > ' 


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1. In 1937 English and other foreign newspapers published 
reports on conditions in German concentration camps. 

The camp administration-answered'this by! putting all 
Jewish prisoners for two months in specially prepared 
barracks without light and ventilation. Jewish prisoners 
were required to write letters to friends in other 
countries, asking them to stop the ’’atrocity stories” 
or else the Jewish prisoners would be punished. Such 
a letter is in possession of the American Jewish Congress 
Library in New York. 

In November 193#, following the killing of vom Rath 
in Paris, all Jewish prisoners in Buchenwald were punished 
by deprivation of mail, food, and medical care. After' 
the bombing in the Munich Beer Hall on 9 November 1939, 
the SS authorities in Buchenwald executed twenty-seven 
Jews and punished the other Jewish prisoners by depriving 
them of food for five days. In May 1936, all Social 
Democratic and Communist prisoners of Dachau were punished 
as revenge for'a political demonstration in Munich.-' There 
have been many similar incidents. 


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IV, PRISONER GROUPS AND CAMP LIFE 
The prisoners in a concentration camp form a society, 
in which the different categories and groups of prisoners 
assume roles, Like any other large numher of people who 
may be thrown together, they work out a system of cooperation 
and routine to smooth somewhat the difficulties of their 
life. This society of prisoners, like any other society, 
has its own standards by which to evaluate individuals and 
groups of prisoners, its own group-relations, its powerful 
leaders, its common man, and its "outsider#” 

When a prisoner is interned, he is placed by the 
SS authorities in what might be called a "vertical-group” 
which is determined by the reason for his arrest. He also 
falls into some "horizontal group" which is determined by 
his "race," his nationality, and the length of time he has 
served, 

A, Vertical Prisoner Croups 

Membership in a vertical prisoner category is 
officially indicated by the triangular insignia every prisoner 
wears on the left breast of his jacket and on his right 
trouser leg. The prisoner's number is placed below the 
triangle, 

1, Political Prisoners: Red Triangle , The category 
of the political prisoners includes all who were imprisoned 

4 • , » 

for political reasons. In the society of the camps the, 

politicals are the.elite group and expect to be treated as 

such by the others. No effort is made, however, to keep 

men of differing political opinions apart. The politicals 

are the oldest category in the camps, and during the first 

years of National Socialism consisted mostly of Communists, 

Social Democrats, and trade unionists. As former members of 

* 

left-wing organizations, they found it comparatively easy 


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- 13 - 


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to develop an organized community with a high standard 
* * * / 
of morale. Political prisoners of the other parties (including 

Nazis), who came later, formed a minority in the ranks of the 

political prisoners. Adaptation to camp conditions was 

. < 

difficult for these new prisoners, and they willingly accepted 
the leadership of the well-organized left-wing prisoners. 
Beginning in 1936, more and more non-political persons, such 
as malingerers and rumor-mongers ( Miesmacher und Kritlkasten ) 
joined the category of political prisoners, but they too had 
to accept the existing leadership, because its advice and 

“‘experience were important to the newcomers. 

; ... 

2. Criminals: Green Triangle , '-^his category consists 

mainly of confirmed criminals who have been cominitted to a 

camp after having served one or more terms in penitentiaries. 

A smaller group of ex-convicts were brought to the camps 

for "preventive" custody following the round-ups of former 

criminals from 1935 to 1939* To the same category also 

*■ 

belongs a small number of prisoners who were sentenced for 

killing or robbery in connection with political affairs. 

•« 

The criminals are a powerful group in the camp 

society — not as a consequence of their group life or 

morale, but because many prisoner officials are drawn from 

their ranks. In the capacity of Capos , for exaraple, 

they have proved to be more relentless than members of other 

categories. Their development into an organized group is 

difficult, however, because the criminals are much less 

willing than the politicals to make personal sacrifices in 

the interests of their fellows. The many instances of 

corruption on their part and their bad behavior as prisoner 

officials make the criminals a distrusted and sometimes 

hated group in the society of prisoners. 

3 # Asocials or "Work-shy" Prisoners: Black Triangle . 

This--category of prisoners originally included vagrants 

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- 14 - 


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and habitual beggars. Later the group was enlarged by the 
addition'of persons who came into conflict with the welfare 
authorities for failure to support their families, divorced 
wives, or illegitimate children. Beginning in 1935, more 
and more individuals were sent to the camps as "asocials" — 
persons who had not complied with the labor regulations, 
i.e., had changed jobs without approval of the Employment 
Office, had refused to accept a job offered by the Employment 
Office, or. had taken part in labor disputes. 

From 1937 to 1939, the category of asocials was further 

r 

enlarged as a result of round-ups especially among gigolos, 
nightclub waiters and entertainers, small craftsmen, and 

4 

repairmen. The two latter groups, obviously, served as a 
source of cheap labor. Quite a number of lower and inter¬ 
mediate officials of the different Nazi organizations have been 
incarcerated for drunkenness or disorderly conduct and joined 
to the asocial group. After the conquest of Austria, whole 
tribes of Gypsies were jailed as asocials. 

The numerous round-ups have made the asocials the 


"largest category in the concentration camps, but at the same 
time they are the lowest group in the social structure of the 
prisoners. Unlike.the politicals, the asocial' prisoners, 
because of their widely diverse background, do not form a 
community; nor are they capable of developing into a group 
of individualists like the criminals. The more intellectual 
elements among them seek to make contact*with either the 
politicals or the criminals in order to establish some tie 
with the important prisoner groups. 

4. Jehovah f s Witnesses: Violet Triangle . Jehovah T s 
Witnesses ( Ernste , Bibelforscher ) are a small religious group 
with a high morale. Even in the camps their organization 
continues, and their leaders speak freely to anyone about 


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- 15 - 


CONFIDENTIAL 


their ideas,. They are imprisoned for being conscientious 
objectors and for their refusal to give the Hitler salute; 
as a religious group opposed to National Socialism, they refuse 
to go underground. To prevent them from propagandizing in 
the camps, they are sometimes separated from the other 
prisoners by transfer to a punishment company. But such 
acts encourage their solidarity. They' are awaiting the 
Judgment . Their belief that they will be the executors 
of God T s will at the Judgment Day gives them a moral power of 
resistance that is superior to that of any other group in 
the camp. Every hardship they undergo they consider a test 
by Jehovah to discover the faithful. Jehovah ? s Witnesses are 
respected by all prisoners, even by those who.do not share 
their opinions. , ' • 

5. Homosexuals: Pink Triangle . .The homosexuals are a 
small category; the majority wepe convicted in the courts 
as homosexuals and, after serving their terms, were sent 
to the camps. As the result of denunciations, politicals- 
or criminals have been put in this group and a.number of 
Roehm’s followers as well. The homosexuals do not, : however, 
consider themselves a group. Like the asocials, they attempt 


to make contact with the more powerful prisoner* groups and • ; 
have no significance as a group in the society of the prisoners. 

6. Emigrants: Blue Triangle . The emigrants consist 
mostly of Germans who have returned from foreign countries 
hoping to find better living conditions in the new Germany. 

Many have been in the French Foreign Legion, or workers in 
Belgium or France. They were sent to the camps because they 
could not satisfactorily explain the reasons for - their return, 


and the Gestapo suspected they might be spies or couriers 
for the underground. A number of Jews, who either returned 
to Germany voluntarily or were caught trying to enter the 


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- 16 - 


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country without a passport, belong to this category. A 

4 

number of stateless lews are also included. 

The emigrants have no community life at all; but, as 
individuals, they have connections with all the important 
groups, including the asocials. 

7. " Race Polluters": Black Triangular Frame . The 
so-called "Race Polluters" (Rassenschander) are mostly 

i •, • 

Jewish prisoners. Some of them had served terms for violating 
the prohibitions against cohabitation between Jews and 
gentiles included in the Nuremberg laws; others were sent 
to a camp following a denunciation. The non-Jewish 

4 

prisoners in this category are called Artvergessen ("one who 
forgets his race"). Mainly Jewish, this group has contacts 

with the political, criminal, and asocial Jews, and often 

» ) 

forms a bridge between them. 

. 8.. . New Categories since 1939 . Since the beginning of the 
war, additional categories of prisoners have-been created. 
These include: 

Norwegians: insignia, black "N" in a red triangle; 

. ' Poles: insignia, black "P" in a rod triangle; 

.German army deserters and other army personnel: 

* 

insignia, black "SAW" ( Sonderaktion We hrma cht) in a red 
triangle; 

Black marketeers: insignia large "E" ( Erziehungs - 
gefangene ; literally, "a prisoner to be re-educated"). 

9. Other Insignia . Certain insignia used in the camps 
do not represent categories of prisoners but refer only to 
a special matter relating to the individual prisoner. For 
example, second-termers ( Zweitmalige ) wear a color bar over 
the prescribed triangle. In some camps such prisoners are 

1. British Civil Affairs Handbook , Part 11, ch. VI. 

Appendix I; CID 65808. 


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- 17 - 


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put in the punishment company; in other camps they are 

» 

restricted in the matters of mail, money, or smoking, 

A prisoner who has tried to escape or one who has lived in 
the neighborhood of the camp and presumably knows the . 

. # 

surrounding area is required to wear a red mark below the 
triangle, signifying ’’danger of escape,” Prisoners with this 
sign are never used in work outside the barbed wire enclosures, 

A yellow badge on the right arm with the word Biped 
(Idiot) is worn.by prisoners who have become mentally unbalanced 
as a consequence of torture or imprisonment,-^ Such prisoners 
do only easy work in a special unit, but they are in constant 
danger of being sterilized. Blind and partially blind . 
prisoners wear a yellow badge with three black points; 
they are exempt from punishment if they fai 1 to salute 

f 

an SS •man, Deaf prisoners wear the same’ insignia. 

The proportion of prisoners in each of the major 
categories (all camps taken together) is estimated as follows: 


Asocials . 3B percent* 

Criminals . 20 percent 

Politicals . IB percent 

Jehovah's Witnesses . 8 percent 

’’Race polluters” .. 8 percent 

Emigrants : ,,, . 6 percent 

Homosexuals .. 2 percent 


What have been called the vertical groups are determined 

by the official designation of the prisoners. Within these 

vertical groupings, as has been shown, a certain amount of 

« 

internal group life is achieved. But overriding these vertical 
lines are factors of race, nationality, length of internment, 

etc., which lead to the formation of what may be defined as 

• 

horizontal groupings. In other words, a prisoner may belong 
to the asocial group (his vertical category) and wear the 
official black triangle, but may also be a newcomer y an old-timer 

1* A small number pf successful fakers have managed to 
acquire this badge. 


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- 13 - 


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or an Austrian and thus belong, in the terms of the prisoner 
society, to a horizontal category, 

B. Horizontal Prisoner Groups 

1* Iews . The Lews are the most prominent horizontal 
prisoner•group. They wear a yellow triangle superimposed 
upon the triangle specifying the official (vertical) category, 
thereby forming a six-pointed star, the so-called Star of 
David. The criteria for determining Jewish ancestory are more 
severe in the camps than those laid down by the Nuremberg 
laws: one Jewish great-grandparent is sufficient. Jewish 

prisoners in any category are treated more harshly than the 
non-Jews. 

According to recent reports, very few Jews are now in 
German concentration camps because most of them were deported 
to the large Jewish camps in Poland in 1942. 

2. Nationalities . Various nationalities in the camps 
also form groups. When, after 1933, Austrians were brought 

to the camps, they did not get along with the German prisoners. 

This nurtured a common feeling among all* Austrian prisoners 

» » - • 

irrespective of their categories or ’'race'!; 'even after 

♦ ♦ * * 

relations between the tw© •groups improved, the Austrians 

\ * ' 

maintained their national -feeling, although it was not so 

. . . ' 

strong as in the beginning. A similar situation developed 
among the Czechoslovakian prisoners who had fewer difficulties 
with the Austrians than with the Germans. Very little is 

t 

known about the other national groups in the concentration 
camps, except that some of them are kept in separate camps. 

3. Newcomers and Old-timers . Groups also develop on the 

basis of the length of time a prisoner has served: 

/ 

a. The Newcomers . Prisoners enter a camp either 
in large groups as victims of round-ups, or individually 
after serving in prison. In some camps, the newcomers are 


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- 19 - 


CONFIDENTIAL 


flogged as soon as they are received, in others they must 
stand at attention and go without water for two days, etc. 


During the first weeks they are called for extra fatigue 


and special drill at night, in order to "break them in." 

Most of the suici'des occur during this period. A newcomer 
remains in this category until another transport arrives, 
whereupon he loses his special status and slips into-the ranks 
of the ordinary prisoners. 

b. The Old-timers . Prisoners who have been in; .the camp 
more than three years call themselves "old-timers." They 


know the SS officials and in some respects receive better 
treatment from them. They are usually able to avoid hard 
work and are punished less frequently than the other prisoners. 

4 

4. Honor Prisoners . Little is known about the "honor 
prisoners" ( Ehrenhaef tlinge ) . In nearly every camp ther.e are 
a few of them. They are probably former high SS officials 
who were put into the camp for failure in their duty. They 
sometimes wear the political insignia, sometimes none at all. 


They live outside the Schutzhaftlager , keep apart from the 

other prisoners, do no work, and have very close contact with 
* 

the SS administration.'*' 

* 

5. Punishment Company . The punishment company is the only 
group where prisoners of all categories and "races" are lumped 
together. They are completely isolated from the other inmates, 
deprived of mail and tobacco, and permitted no time off. 

K 

Jehovah's Witnesses and second-termers often spend their 
whole imprisonment in the punishment company; others are 
confined for a limited time only. 

G, Camp Routine and Food 

1. Schedule . The. schedule is not the same for every 

camp, but until 1939 the working day was usually thirteen 

• * 

1. The former camp commander of Lichtenburg was an honor 
prisoner in Buchenwald in 1939. 

■ " 'CONFIDENTIAL 












20 


CONFIDENTIAL 


or more 'hours. The daily schedule during 1936 to 1939 was 
approximately as follows: 13 hours were devoted to work; 

2 hours to formations and roll calls; lj hours to meals; 

6J hours to rest; and 1 hour to free time. Some camps 
worked seven days a week; in other camps Sunday afternoon 
was taken off. With the beginning of- the war, however, 
the work day increased to fifteen or sixteen hours 

2, Work , Before 1939, the chief work of the prisoners 
was building the Schutzhaftlager , the SS-Lager and necessary 
installations. The abundant supply of slave labor permitted 
the camp administrations to make wide use of manpower, 
especially in the vast drainage projects•that were initiated 
in the early years of the Nazi regime. After the beginning 
of the war the prisoners were used more and more for war 
work, 1 2 

•3# Food , Food in the concentration camps is similar to 

the food in the German prisons. The daily ration consists of: 

2 cups of ersatz coffee; 

300 grams of bread (low quality); 

1 plate of vegetable soup (mostly turnip) sometimes 
with pieces of specially prepared whale meat, called 
- Polaris ; 

a piece of fish or cheese twice a week. 

’ * * 

Before 1939 some camps had good canteens where the 

% 

prisoners could buy extra food, but these were abolished 
after the war began.3 It has been reported that a parcel 
food service has been established in Dachau since October 
1942. 

During the winter, many prisoners are constantly ill, 
because of the fatless food, 

4* Medical Care . The SS doctor in charge of the prison 
hospital ( Revier ) does not consider himself responsible for the 

1. Report by Belgian Information Center, New York, 6 December 
1943. 

2. Central European Observer, London, July 1942; CID 65308, 

24 March 1944. 

3# Ibid ., London, July 1942; CID 50705, 1 December 1943. 

CONFIDENTIAL 


















21 


CONFIDENTIAL 


health of the prisoners. Medical examinations and treatment 
are in the hands of prisoner officials, and even dentistry 

r 

and minor operations are done by them. It is seldom that a 
doctor is allowed to work in the Revier ; most of the treat¬ 
ment is in the hands of men who were once members of the army 
medical corps, usually during the last war, or others who 
have no medical knowledge at all. 

Since the treatment in the Revier is sub-standard 
(often no drugs or bandages are available), many prisoners 
prefer to treat themselves, but complicated operations .and 
amputations - 1 are- done by SS-doctors in the SS hospital. . ? 


5• Deaths : and' Suicides . 


The estimated annual death 


rate for German concentration camps during the period 1938- 
1939 (excluding killings * executions, and suicides) was 15 
percent*-*- Many of the deaths are the consequence of extreme 
malnutrition; during the winter months pneumonia claims many 

4 

victims• 


Suicides occur frequently, because the SS administration 

encourages the practice. Prisoners placed in solitary cells 

\ 

are often given a length of rope. Prisoners who are disliked 

by their Blockfuhrer may be given a rope and ordered to kill 

themselves. If they are still alive on the next day, they 

are beaten up by the Blockfuhrer and the order is repeated. 

This sometimes goes on for weeks, until the prisoner commits 

suicide, or the Blockfuhrer tires . 2 

D. Activities and Attitude of the Prisoners 

The SS administration tries systematically to destroy 

« 

a prisoner’s personality. In the midst of the organized 


1* This estimate was made in London(August 1939) after 

interrogations of former prisoners who worked in a camp 
hospital. 

2. In Dachau (1938) a special order on suicides was issued. 
It announced that prisoners who try to commit suicide 
and do not succeed, prisoners who try to prevent another 
prisoner’s suicide, and prisoners who try to bring back 
to life a prisoner who has committed suicide will be 
punished., by twenty-five lashes and confinement in a 
solitary cell. 


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22 


CONFIDENTIAL 


terror, the social organization of the.prisoners provides 
the framework within which groups or individuals find 
their place and their functions. As a whole this prisoner 
society opposes the terror of the administration, fends off 
the attacks upon the individuality of its members, and 
defends and preserves their desire to remain human beings. 

The purpose of the social organization of the prisoners is 
to overcome the rigidities and barriers of the official 
system of classification by race and crime, 

1. The Prisoners T Code , The prisoners have their own 
code and rules of conduct by which an individual prisoner is 
evaluated: he is put in important positions, he is isolated 
and even killed as a traitor if by violating the code he 
endangers the society or the life of its members,' 1 ' 

The most important rule of conduct is: Don 1 1 draw 
attention to yourself . It is dangerous to be better or 
worse than the average, A good prisoner does no more or 
less work in the barracks or on a job than is absolutely 
necessary in order to be left alone by the S3, 

2. Cultural and Political Life of the Prisoners , Most 

of the prisoners live in small groups. The political prisoners 
form "collectives” of three to six men who try to dwell in 

I-'..#' * n * 

the pane barracks and work in the same groups. The prisoners 

pool their money and jointly buy food in the canteen; they 

endeavor to keep some stock for an emergency. Every member 

of such a collective is bound to help the other members. 

and can count on their help. This system of mutual help 

makes life in the camp much easier. The political prisoners 

are, however, not interested in getting new members for their 

1, In Buchenwald (1939) two prisoners were killed.as informers 
by their fellow prisoners. 

CONFIDENTIAL 











- 23 - CONFIDENTIAL 

collectives; a newcomer must have good recommendations and 
is very carefully questioned before he is allowed to join. 

The main interest of the political prisoners is to keep their 
cadre alive — not to recruit new members. 

During work or at night the collectives have discussions 
or lectures on political or scientific subjects. A steady; 
contact is maintained between the different collectives for 
the purpose of sharing news and information. The non¬ 
political, intellectual prisoners also establish small 
discussion groups which are sometimes influenced by the 
political prisoners. The discussions and lectures are an 
important p&rt in the life of the prisoners because they 
help to counteract the effects of regimentation. 

The possession of any writing material, however, is 
dangerous, because the administration views it as an attempt 
to smuggle messages out of the camp. Prisoners are frequently 

rounded up so that the SS may examine the contents of their 

* < ' 

pockets. 

Songs and poems are often written by the prisoners 
and nearly every camp has its own ’’official’ 1 camp song*.. • 

3. Religious Activities . Although religious exercises 
are prohibited and punished by the SS, services are held 

in secrecy. Catholic and Protestant clergy conduct services 
for members of their faith. The Jehovah's Witnesses hold 
regular services in their barracks. Orthodox lews secretly 
observe their religious customs. In view of the rigors of 
camp life, however, Rabbis have freed orthodox members from 

I ». V, * / . 

* * 

the necessity of observing the dietary laws ( Kashruth ) 
of the Jewish religion. 

4. Treatment of Personal Property . In the prisoners ' 

< 

society the concept of private .property has been changed. 

The personal belongings of a member of a collective go to 


CONFIDENTIAL 







- 24 - 


CONFIDENTIAL 


) ... 


the collective in case of his release or death. Prisoners 
do carry a few personal # belongings in their pockets or 
in their breadbags, but these things are theirs only so 
long as no SS-man.cares to take them away. 

Stealing among companions, is one of the worst crimes 
a prisoner can commit, The prisoners T code requires that the 
guilty man be beaten and ostracized. 

Some prisoners make tools which they use for repair 
jobs on false teeth, eyeglasses., etc. In order to have raw 
materials for this work, they are often compelled to steal 
the eyeglasses and the false teeth of dead prisoners. This 
is, however, dangerous because the SS prescribes heavy 
punishment for corpse robbing. 

5. Attitude toward Escape . In the first years of the 
concentration camps some prisoners managed to escape.^ 

Since 1936 the security measures in the camps have been so 
well organized-that there are almost no possibilities of 

p 

getting away. Since all the.prisoners are punished if one 
of them is missing, escape is considered by.the prisoners 

9 % * 

as an anti-social act.^ The political prisoners often 

- * ' J ' - 1 2 3 * 

discuss this matter and the general opinion is: A prisoner 

has the moral right to escape only if he is of real importance 

* 

to the underground. 


1. Gerhard Seger escaped in 193,3 from Oranienburg, and Hans 
Beimler in 1933 from Dachau. Quite a number of prisoners 
escaped in 1934 from the camps near Papenburg and succeeded 
in getting to Holland. 

2. In 1938, two prisoners escaped from Buchenwald after 
killing an SS’man. One of them was captured two weeks 
later in Germany; the other escaped to Czechoslovakia, 
but was handed over to the Gestapo as* a consequence of 

the 5 Munich agreement. . Both were court-martialed and hanged 
in Buchenwald in front of the other prisoners. 

3. When two men escaped from Buchenwald in December 1938, 

the whole camp was forced to stand at attention in the 
bitter cold for nine hours. Fifty prisoners were reported 
to have died during this episode. 


CONFIDENTIAL 






- 25 - 


CONFIDENTIAL 


6. Possibilities of Resistance , Since every form of open 

resistance is punishable by death, prisoners can show their 

opposition only by cleverly concealed acts of sabotage. 

Sabotage is attempted by individuals and groups ‘oli ’all 

possible occasions. The prisoners bury scrap 'm'e’th’ly Wh’oTe ' 

boxes of nails and screws, -unregistered tools, etc. When 

.... 

constructing new buildings, they fill the empty spaces 

a 

between the walls with paper and coal in order to make them 

more combustible in case of a fire. Occasionally‘ a* kind’of 

passive resistance is conducted by the prisoners; sinae*it' 

is not possible to work slowly, they do the-same job‘Over ahd' 

over again, or do it the most complicated way in order to 

* * * * 

consume /pore time. 


* i » • * 

» » * » ^ < 


CONFIDENTIAL 







- 26 - 


CONFIDENTIAL 


Appendix. CONCENTRATION CHIPS LOCATED WITHIN GERMANY 

(As it was before 1937) 

Key to Abbreviations 


Bel. Inf.Belgian Information Center, New York 

Crim. Criminal prisoners 

ECRFPA....Europaische Konferenz fuer Recht u. 

Freiheit• 

Paris Nov, 13.37 

Mil. pers.Military personnel 

NPG...Normal prisoner group, consisting of: 

political, criminal, asocial, Jewish, 
emigrant, homosexual, Bible Students, 
n race corrupter" prisoners 

Nor. Inf. ...Norwegian Information Center, New York 

OWI .... Office of War Information 

PIFP.. Personal interrogation of former 

prisoners 

POW ....Prisoners of War 

Pol. Rew.The Polish Review, Publication of 

Polish Information Centre, N.Y. 

SA .. S.turmabteilung 

S3RPR ... Per Strafvollzug im 2* Reich publ. 

by Union fuer Recht u, Freiheit, 

Prag 1936. 

SPDLO ... Report by Social Democratic Party 

of Germany, London March 193& 

Stalag.... Stammlager fuer POW 

SS .. Schutzstaffel (Totenkopf Verband) 

UNLNY.. United Nations Library of Information, 

New York 


Identification of German Concentration Camps 

Many of the small camps, listed in the following 
schedule,, were set up between 1933 and 1935, but were dissolved 
after 1937. At the beginning of the war a large number of 
the dissolved camps were reopened as concentration camps for 
prisoners from the occupied countries. Beginning in 1941, 
many new large camps were set up and at the same time some of 
the old camps were enlarged and placed in use as prisoner of 
war camps. 

Estimates of the Present Number of Prisoners 


A reasonable estimate of the present number of prisoners 
in the German concentration camps within the 1937 boundaries 
of the Reich ranges from a low of 170,000 to a high of 370,000 # 
These figures have been, arrived at by the following computa¬ 
tions: in the case of the lower figure, the population of 


CONFIDENTIAL 






























- 27 - 


CONFIDENTIAL 


the concentration camps definitely known to be in existence 
have been totalled; in case of the higher figure, it has been 
assumed that all camps listed are still in existence and 
where the prisoner population is not known an estimate has 
been made. 

Since there are large numbers of prisoners of non- 
German nationality known to be in German concentration 
camps, it is impossible to give a nationality breakdown of 
the prisoners in the concentration camps. 



CONFIDENTIAL 




CONFIDENTIAL 


- 28 - 


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- 35 - 


CONFIDENTIAL 


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CONFIDENTIAL 












- 36 - 


CONFIDENTIAL 


German Concentration Camps with Unknown Location 

» * 

Jewish concentration camp between Leipzig and Breslau. 

* \ ' i 

12 March 44. "The Jewish Way” NYC \ 

Reports from POW of English nationality: In a small 
village between Leipzig and Breslau near the railway 
POW found a Jewish concentration c$mp. Hundreds of 
men and women half starving were held behind b.arbed 

wire. * 

\ ' 

Camp Blaricum Aug. 43 CID 45210 ‘ . • ; 

Camp Westerbork Oct. 43 London CID 51064 

4 » * 

2,200 prisoners, many ill, were transported In cattle 
cars from camp 1/Vesterbork on 20 July 43. (Probably 
camp Westerbork in Holland.) 

Camp Kaefertal Source H .26 Feb. 44.. > 

Italians are held in camp Kaefertal. (Camp Kaefertal 
is probably located between Mannheim and Heidelberg 
in Baden.) 

. t 

Camp Luckerwalde Source H 9 Feb. 44. 

French prisoners are held in camp Luckerwalde, 
Mecklenburg. (No place in Mecklenburg could be 
found with the name Luckerwalde, but there is a 
village Luckerwalde near Jueterbog, in Brahdenburg.) 

Camp between Neustadt and Neisse, Silesia* Aug. 43 CID 45210 

Concentration camp for German soldiers. £3 Dec. 42. CID -26261 

A special concentration camp- ( Sonder Konzeritr'at ionslagery 
has been set up for" suspected German soldiers, retxwMxlng 
from the Russian front. 

Concentration camp in Eastern Prussia. 12 June 43. CID 37358 

i 

i 

A concentration camp for German officers and men, 
deserters from the army, has been set up in Eastern 
Prussia. There are 2,000 prisoners. They ape clad 
in Polish uniforms to hide the. fact that ther.d are 
so many German deserters. - \ 



CONFIDENTIAL 









PROVISIONAL EDITION 


CONFIDENTIAL 


8“ 


14° 


18° 


54 


52 


50 


48 





SWEDE 


















/ J- 


-O* of 5 


/'<&. tb ? w °“* .oooooo 

1 Oramenburg L 


FRANKFURT 
A ODER 







/// 





D 


V 


CAMPS NOT LOCATED ON MAP 

NAME OF 
CAMP 

LOCATION 

NO. OF 
PRISONERS 

1 

Bet. Leipzig 

and Breslau, 
near railroad 

Hundreds 

2 Blaricum 



3 Westerbork 

Netherlands (?) 

2200 + 

4 Kaeferial 

Bet. Mannheim 
and Heidelberg (?) 


5 Luckerwalde 

Near Jiitorbog (?) 


6 

Bet. Neustadt 
and Neisse 


7 

East Prussia 

2 000 

8 

Southern Germany 


9 Wakchum 

Near Neth. boundary 


10 Glosmoor 

Norway (?) 



HRADEC KRALOVE 


k KRAKOW 


OLOMOUC 


18° 


20 ° 


• BRNO 


52 


50 


22 ° 


48” 


GERMANY 

CONCENTRATION CAMPS 

(JUNE-1944) 

O CAMP (LOCATIONS ARE APPROXIMATE) 

y NAME OF CAMP 


CAPACITY OF CAMP (where known) 

NOTE: BOUNDARIES AS OF 1937 

Reliability Code:2B-2B-2 


20 


40 60 80 100 


MILES 

0 20 40 60 80 100 


KILOMETERS 


10 ° 


14° 


16° 


NO. 3761 
19 JUNE 1944 


CONFIDENTIAL 


COMPILED AND DRAWN IN THE BRANCH OF RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS, OSS 
LITHOGRAPHED IN THE REPRODUCTION BRANCH, OSS 






















































































LIBRARY of congress 


0 001 005 234 8 







I 





























